The Cute Syndrome Rules Supreme in Japan!

If You Want to Make it Big in Japan
You have to Make it Cute!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

One of the elements of Japanese culture that has a powerful impact on the way the Japanese think and do business is subsumed in the word kawaii (kah-wah-eee), which means dear, darling, lovely, charming, attractive, tiny, winning—and above all, cute.

The Japanese have been culturally programmed since the beginning of their civilization to refine things down to their essence, eliminating all excess material, and making them the epitome of kawaii in appearance and sensual to the touch.

From the earliest times this dedication to the kawaii principle incorporated kitchen utensils, food, wearing apparel, accessories of all kinds, dolls, and other toys.

The foundation of the kawaii principle no doubt derived from Shinto, which emphasizes the beauty of all things in nature, especially things that are small and delicate, such as flowers.

Another source of the hold that the kawaii syndrome has on the Japanese may be the fact a significant percentage of young girls are extraordinarily cute, with small, refined features that are perfect in their symmetry and doll-like in their appearance.

In any event, the kawaii factor plays a major role in Japan’s entertainment, toy, publishing, advertising messages, print ads, public signs, product development industries, bullet trains, etc. You name it, and if it was designed by Japanese it will exhibit at least some kawaii qualities.

There is an ephemeral quality about things that exhibit kawaii characteristics—and its affect is so powerful that the syndrome long ago became associated with what was regarded as the ideal look and behavior for girls and young women—so much so that until recent times it was common for them to affect the voice and mannerisms of very young, innocent, soft, fragile females…something that acted like an aphrodisiac on males.

This kind of behavior is not nearly as common among present-day Japanese girls and young women, but the kawaii factor continues to play a major role in Japan, especially in the advertising and marketing industries.

Foreigners who want to succeed in Japan should make a thorough study of the kawaii syndrome a key part of their market research.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente

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Boyé Lafayette De Mente is the author of more than 40 books on the business, culture and language of Japan, including the pioneer Japanese Etiquette & Ethics in Business, first published in 1959 and still in print (Mc-Graw-Hill). For a list and descriptions of his titles go to http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/, or key his full name into Amazon.com’s book search window.

Japanese Women Going for Long Lashes!

Working Women in Japan
Focusing on Their Eyes!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

Back in the 1950s young Japanese women fell under the spell of American film and fashion magazines and many of them became entranced with the big “round” eyes of Caucasian movie stars and fashion models.

This led to a fad among some girls and women to have the epicanthic fold that gave their eyes a “slanted” appearance surgically removed so they would have “rounder” eyes.

As the decades went by this fad became a common practice among a growing number of girls and women, reducing the number of females with eyelids that left only a narrow slit for them to see though.

Now there is a new “eye phenomenon” in Japan that is giving girls and women a new look that is ostensibly designed to help them save time in getting ready to go to work in the morning, but is also having an impact on their impact on men.

This new phenomenon consists of having eyelash extensions made of silk or nylon attached to their natural eyelashes with a special kind of adhesive.

In one typical case, a girl who works in the famous Ginza shopping and entertainment district of Tokyo had 360 11mm extensions added to her eyelashes at a cost of $140.

The old saying that your eyes are the windows to your soul has taken on new dimensions with this new phenomenon, as big eyes and long eyelashes have a subliminal sexual influence on men.

When a girl or woman has both big eyes and long eyelashes and flutters the latter at a man it sends a powerful signal…!

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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Boyé Lafayette De Mente is the author of more than 40 business, culture and language books on Japan, including The Sensual Side of Japan. To see a list and descriptions of his books go to http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/, or key his full name into Amazon.com’s book search window.

You Too, Can Be a Robot!

HAL Turns Impaired People
Into Super Human Beings!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

As reported earlier in this column robot manufacturers in Japan are rapidly populating the country with “partner robots”—referring to robots that are designed to serve people as security guards, aides, maids, nurses and waiters.

The impetus for this extraordinary robot partner program is the rapid aging of Japan’s population and the declining number of young people going into the care and welfare industries, resulting in millions of elderly people needing help they cannot get from care centers, hospitals and other institutions.

Another element in this mix is that—at this time—the average person in Japan lives several years longer than people in other countries because those who are now 60 and older ate a far healthier diet that most people elsewhere [a factor that is rapidly diminishing, however, as the younger generations now eat more like Americans].

The latest robotic contribution to people who are physically impaired for whatever reason is HAL—and this is not the power-mad computer of science fiction and film fame.

In this case, HAL stands for Hybrid Assistive Limb—which is Japanese-English for a robotic “suit” that a disabled person puts on (more or less like a space suit) that makes it possible for him or her to walk, pick up and carry a 25kg (about 55 pounds) bag of rice effortlessly with one arm.

With that kind of power, HAL obviously makes it possible for a person to do more than just pick up a bag or rice—but that was just a demonstration!

HAL was developed by Cyberdyne, a venture business affiliated with the University of Tsukuba outside of Tokyo, a world-famous center for scientific research and development.

Sensors embedded in the cyber suit detect electrical impulses generated by the wearer’s muscles and move the suit’s power units accordingly.

Cyberdyne has partnered with Daiwa House Industry Co., Japan’s leading home builder, to market HAL through the company’s sales network, beginning in 2008.

Over 20 other companies in Japan are also in the partner robot business and some 20 other firms say they have plans to start manufacturing robot partners in the near future.

HAL may also be just the thing to provide elderly people with the means to fight back when confronted by vicious thugs who like to use 90-year-olds as punching bags.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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Boyé Lafayette De Mente is the author of more than 40 books on the business, culture and language of Japan, including the pioneer Japanese Etiquette & Ethics in Business, first published in 1959 and still in print (Mc-Graw-Hill). For a list and descriptions of his titles go to http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/, or key his full name into Amazon.com’s book search window.
______________________________________
Boyé Lafayette De Mente is the author of more than 40 business, culture and language books on Japan. To see a list and description of his titles go to http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/, or key his full name into Amazon.com’s book search window.

Music to Go (to the Toilet) By!

Japanese Toilets Becoming
Recreational Rooms!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

First it was toilets with heated seats (which won high praise from Madonna whose bare bottom is well-known to her fans!), then it was toilets that would emit a pleasant noise to mask the flushing sound which embarrassed some ladies.

Next came automated toilet lids (like the doors on the left sides of Japanese taxis), and then there were seats that would check your pulse (and send the results to your doctor!).

Now there are toilets that play a variety of music while you are taking care of business (with the tunes depending on the time of day), and toilets that spray a variety of scents into the air while you are on the seat.

If you have an Inax Corp. commode and a special card you can choose the tune you want. The music starts when you first step in front of the commode and stops when you leave. Models in this musical series cost between $2,000 and $3,100.

It is Toto Ltd.’s New Apricot series that dispenses different aromas (four in all) into the air. Units in this series are priced from $1,000 to $2,000. Smells are apparently cheaper than sounds.

In case you might think that such user-friendly toiletware would have only a limited market. Think again. Over eight-and-a-quarter million new toilets were sold in Japan last year—most of them with more than just a seat to sit on. The upscale toilets are especially popular with seniors.

Japan’s toilets are also becoming a big thing in the U.S. and elsewhere, portending an ongoing evolution of the toilet into a recreational room. What happened to just plain reading while sitting?

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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The author’s books on Japan include JAPAN UNMASKED—The Character & Personality of the Japanese, SEX & THE JAPANESE—The Sensual Side of Japan, and ELEMENTS OF JAPANESE DESIGN—Understanding & Using Japan’s Classic Wabi-Sabi-Shibui Concepts. For a full list of his 40-plus books on Japan see his personal website: http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/.

Japan’s Newest Export Infiltrating the World!

First it was TR Radios, then Motorcycles
Then Automobiles, Now its Washoku!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

Japan kept itself isolated from the Western world from the late 1630s until the mid-1800s. When that exclusion policy was decreed by the Tokugawa shogunate it prohibited any Japanese who happened to be abroad at that time (and there were thousands) from ever returning home.

It also made it a capital offense for any more Japanese to leave the country. Except for a small company of Dutch traders kept under guard by samurai warriors on a man-made islet in Nagasaki Harbor, the decree also forbade the entry of foreigners into Japan.

But then in the early 1850s the United States sent a naval task force to Japan demanding that the country eliminate its isolation policy, and giving the government a deadline for meeting the demand.

The arrival of the Americans in Japan resulted in two civil wars, one that ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and the other that firmly established a new government in place.

The Japanese were determined that they would not allow their country to be colonized by Westerns—a fate that had befallen much of Asia. They sent the leaders of the two civil wars on several missions to the U.S. and to England, Germany, France and Italy to study their constitutional forms of government to see which one would be best for Japan.

After several years of research in Europe these extraordinary ex-samurai warriors determined that the only way they could protect Japan from being swallowed up by the West was to become a combined industrial-military power as quickly as possible, without being unduly hampered by human rights and other Western ideas.

Not only did the Japanese create an industrial and trading superpower in the next 15 years, they also built a powerful army and navy, and then set out to become a colonial power just like the Western countries.
Around 1915 a Japanese nationalist wrote a book entitled “The Coming War with the United States.” Talk about long-term planning!

Within ten years after the U.S. defeated Japan in 1945 the Japanese were well on their way back to superpower status. First came such tiny things as transistor radios, then came motorcycles, then came cars. Next came virtually everything Americans and Europeans used in their daily lives.

And then came sushi (raw fish!) and ramen, and udon, and soba and soy sauce and a stream of other Japanese foods that until the 1950s and beyond most Westerners wouldn’t touch with a 10-foot pole, much less a pair of chopsticks.

And then came animation, and comics and manga and digital games that have taken over much of the so-called entertainment industries worldwide.

Now, the Japanese, on a private as well as a government level (with the prime minister in the forefront of the effort), have gotten serious about exporting Japan’s food culture on a massive scale.

Given the smarts and skills of the Japanese—and the fundamental fact that traditional Japanese cuisine is healthier than typical Western fare—they will very likely succeed in this new effort.

This new export effort refers to washoku (wah-shoh-kuu), or Japanese food, as the soul of Japan’s culture. It is certainly an extraordinary manifestation of the best of Japanese culture.

When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 the country’s famous Admiral Yamamoto said he was afraid they had awakened a sleeping giant. I wonder if any American leader had any such misgivings in the early 1850s when Admiral Perry was sent to Edo (Tokyo) to force the Japanese to open their doors to the West.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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Te see a list of the author’s 40-plus pioneer books on Japan, go to his personal website: http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/, or key his full name into Amazon.com's book search window.

Big Fat Foreigners Break Barriers of Japan’s Sumo Culture

Japan’s Ancient Formerly Semi-Sacred
Sumo Sport Invaded by Gaijin!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

Sumo wrestling in Japan goes back more than two thousand years and for a very long time was a Shinto-oriented ritual whose outcome could be a good omen or a bad omen that was taken seriously.

There was also a time when the bouts were to the death, but they were not viewed as entertainment as were the gladiator bouts of ancient Rome—a dramatic statement as to the seriousness of the role they played in Japan’s early culture.

And then back in 1962, something incredible happened. A Hawaiian named Jesse James Kuhaulua was admitted into the exclusive world of the sumo—breaking with a tradition that was nearly as hidebound as the country’s imperial system.

Renamed Takamiyama, Jesse underwent years of a training regime that is more rigorous, more demanding, than that of a marine boot camp. In his 10th year, by which time had had set numerous records, some of which still stand, Jesse was promoted to the top division of sumodom.

In 1982 a Hawaiian-born Samoan named Saleva’a Fuauli Atisano’e became the second gaijin (guy-jeen), or "foreigner," to be accepted into the ranks of the sumo. A huge blob of muscle and fat, Konishiki (his sumo name) rose to the rank of ozeki (oh-zay-kee), or “champion,” in just three years—one of the fastest advancements in the history of the game.

Then in 1988 along came Chad G. Rowan, another Hawaiian. Renamed Akebono, this giant of a man won tournament after tournament, and in 1993 became the first foreigner to achieve the rank of yokozuna (yoh-koh-zoo-nah), or “grand champion.” He was to reign supreme for the next eight years.

During the early years the appearance of foreigners in the exalted ranks of sumo resulted in a national debate that was often ugly, but the Japan Sumo Association (JSA) stood its guns, gradually lowering the barriers to let other foreign wrestlers into the sport because they brought world-wide attention to the game, and were a major factor in sumo being recognized as an Olympic sport.

In January 2003 the last remaining Japanese yokozuna retired, and since then this equivalent of the emperor in sumo ranks has been monopolized by foreign wrestlers.

In the spring 2007 tournament 13 of the 42 top-ranked sumo were foreigners, and the ranking grand champion was a Mongolian. This prompted Yutaka Matsumura, chairman of the Japan Sumo Association, to say: “Sumo, like Japan itself, is becoming globalized. Not everyone is happy about it, but I would say it is inevitable. I think in the end it will make us more competitive and raise the bar for greatness."

Foreigners now make up 28 percent of the upper division of wrestlers, the sport is practiced in 86 countries around the world, with exhibitions held in Las Vegas, Madison Square Garden, and elsewhere.

Successful sumo become rich and famous. After he retired, Konishiki became a TV star and a pitchman for various products. Akebono was awarded the honor of being named an elder in the JSA.

The world of the sumo is not for the faint-hearted. Sumo wrestlers live and train in a communal environment, with the newcomers doing all of the cleaning, cooking, and laundering, plus serving as slave-like attendants to senior wrestlers.

All of their training in their domestic duties, as well as their training in wrestling is in the Japanese language. They must not only learn to understand and speak Japanese, they must also learn how to read and write the complicated ideograms with which it is written.

A recent book entitled Gaikoku-jin Rikishi wa Naze Nihongo ga Umaino ka? (Why Do Foreign Wrestlers Speak Japanese Fluently?) by Waseda University Professor Satoshi Miyazaki, explains why the foreigners learn the language thoroughly. “They literally live in the language 24 hours a day, and just being a good wrestler is not enough. They must master the language in order to succeed as a sumo.”

Other foreigners wanting to learn a foreign language (and not necessarily wanting to become a sumo wrestler) should take note of a learning system that really works.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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For books on the training of Japan’s famous samurai warriors, and numerous other Japan themes see the author’s personal website at: http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/.

The “Secrets” of Why Toyota is Now the World’s Leading Auto Maker!

The Five Keys
That Make the Difference!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

There is a fundamental and dramatic difference between the way Japanese and American automobile companies are managed—and the difference is a cultural thing that Americans may recognize but cannot duplicate because the American mind is wired differently than that of the Japanese.

The Japanese are culturally programmed to do the best they can do in everything they set out to do. This motivation is a personal, individual, private thing that is part of their national character.

Americans, on the other hand, are not driven by their culture to strive for excellence in everything they do. They are driven by a number of often conflicting factors, including doing just enough that whatever they are working on will get out of the factory and into the marketplace, just enough to please their superiors, just enough to keep their jobs—and in some cases enough to win promotions, and so on.

In other words, the motivation of most American employees of automobile companies—including top-level management—is more of an emotional response that varies with their own personal circumstances. More often than not, their primary commitment is to themselves.

In contrast to this “American way,” the managers and employees of Japanese automobile companies are dedicated to doing the very best they can for themselves as individuals in order to avoid loss of their own face, to avoid bringing down the competence level of their group and embarrassing everyone, to ensure the survival and success of their company, and to uphold the honor of Japan. This results in team-work from top to bottom.

Putting this in what might be called trade jargon, managers and employees in Japanese automobile companies are committed to making product design information available across the board, to optimizing design information in product development, to maximizing the transfer of product information to the manufacturing process, and maintaining the integrity of the information throughout the process.

Finally, there are five keys to the implementation of kaizen (kigh-zen), the now famous Japanese concept of “continuous improvement.”

These five keys are: enforced detection of problems, the delegation of authority to the workplace; the standardizing of all tools; taking instant action to totally remedy any problem encountered; and immediately integrating all of the resulting incremental improvements into the overall manufacturing process.

Incredibly, all of the character traits that distinguish Japanese managers and employees of Toyota and other companies is often little more than the intelligent application of common sense—something that often seems to be beyond the understanding and grasp of Americans.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente
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The kaizen concept was originally introduced to the West by the author in his book, Japanese Etiquette & Ethics in Business, published in 1959 (and still in print in its 7th edition). To see a list and description of the author's 60-plus books go to his personal website: http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/.

Japan’s Amazing Railway Stations are World of their Own!

The World’s Largest Railway System
Privatizes & Now Earns Big Bucks!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

Japan has the most comprehensive railway system in the world, and now that it has been privatized it makes huge profits—providing a lesson for other countries to follow.

In 1987 the government-owned and operated Japan National Railways (JNR) was losing trillions of yen a year and service had been going down hill for decades.

That year the government allowed the system to divide itself up into regional divisions and go private. The operators of the newly privatized companies immediately began turning them into profit-making enterprises by integrating their major stations with retailers selling everything from high fashions to foodstuffs.

This was not a new idea. Thousands of urban commuter stations throughout the country already functioned as shopping centers.

What turned the formerly government-run money-losing railway system into a cash cow was renovating and building new stations that combined ticket-selling with retailing goods and services on a massive scale.

The new and enlarged stations included department stores, shopping arcades, dozens of restaurants, fresh food markets, confectionery shops, bookstores, travel agents, hotels, and more.

Not only do train passengers shop at these outlets, such stations as Shinjuku and Shinagawa in Tokyo, the main station in Kyoto, and hundreds of others, attract a steady stream of shoppers and diners who patronize the places because they offer such a variety of things and are the ultimate in convenience.

Japan Railways East (JR East), which serves the Tokyo area and points north, is now one of the most profitable enterprises in the country.

JR East is not resting on its laurels. It is turning the area around Tokyo Central Station into an astounding collection of high-rise smart buildings, one of which will host the downtown campuses of 10 of the country's most prestigious universities.

Smart travelers have learned that it is far more convenient to stay, shop and dine in a major railway station complex like Kyoto Central Station than it is to put up in a hotel away from the station.

Other countries are beginning to pick up on examples set by Japan’s railway companies, returning some sense to the challenge of providing transportation and ambiance for huge masses of people.

Copyright © 2007 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente

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To see a list of 40-plus books on Japan by the author, go to: http://www.phoenixbookspublishers.com/.

New Technology Portends Incredible Break-Thru in Digital Devices!

Japanese Scientists Creating
New Field of Electronics

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

Japanese scientists have tapped into the power that emanates from electrons that orbit around the nucleus of atoms, heralding a new generation of technology that may usher in a new digital age.

Tohoku University Prof. Hideo Ono has teamed with Hitachi Ld. scientists to create new computing and digital device technology based on the electrons that spin around a nucleus, providing computing power at much faster speeds and with less heat and less power consumption. The new technology has been dubbed “spintronics.”

Prof. Ono and his team are now working on spintronic elements for a type of memory device known as MRAM (magnetoresistive random-access memory), which would break through the speed, heat and power consumption barriers.

According to reports, when in a waiting mode the MRAM device consumes one-thousandth of the power and has half the normal delay time of today’s devices. Using spintronic elements, memory circuits can be built with 40 percent fewer transistors, resulting in a dramatic decrease in size.

A prototype MRAM chip using spintronics, capable of storing two megabytes of data, was successfully tested in February 2007.

The new process will allow Prof. Ono and his Hitachi team to integrate memory with a central processing unit’s computation circuitry on a single chip. [Some features of spintronics have been in use in hard-drives for several years.]

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To see a list of books on Japan by the author, go to: www.phoenixbookspublishers.com.

Japanese Linguistics Expert Takes Page from Google’s Page!

Attention Bloggers! Words You Use on Web
Can Be Used by Others to Get Rich!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

A Japanese linguistics and algorithms expert named Yoichi Inagaki has developed an Internet search engine that hones in on the words that people use to express themselves, and comes up with a profile of their mindset that reveals their likes, dislikes and prejudices down to the nub.

After graduating from Tokyo University, Inagaki studied at Stanford University in California for two years (where one of his classmates was Larry Page, cofounder of Google). He then returned to Japan and began research on algorithms that would identify trends in the chaotic atmosphere of cyber space.

But much to his surprise it was soon discovered that his new search engine could predict coming hit products—something that is worth gold to designers and manufacturers.

In January 2007 Inagaki set up Kizasi Company, Inc., and began preparing to go international with his new search engine, first targeting Chinese and English language audiences. [He should have come up with a company name as good as Google!]

Now, women writing on the web can be profiled down to the color of panties they like to wear—and why! So if you want to avoid becoming an unwitting marketing drone pay attention to the words you use on your blog.

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To see a list of books on Japan by the author go to: www.phoenixbookspublishers.com.

Mobile Phones Morphing Into “Star Trek” Scanning Devices

New GPS Technology from Japan

Spreading Around the World!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

The world’s leading developer and maker of global positioning systems has come up with technology that works on mobile phones, encompasses all modes of transportation systems, including walking, and is ten times faster than other systems already on the market.

Keisuke Onishi, president of Navitime Japan Company, and his team of researchers completed Total Navigation, the world’s first navigation system covering every possible means of transportation, in 1998.

The company’s technology then went into taxis and was adopted by the Japan Automobile Federation as the core of its rescue service for motorists having mechanical trouble.

Now, the technology is showing up in mobile phones in China, Germany, the U.S., Taiwan and Thailand, and is expected to sweep around the world. This is another major step in mobile phones being transformed into the kind of scanning devices used on Star Trek.

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To see a list of books on Japan by the author go to: www.phoenixbookspublishers.com.

Move Over Linux! Here Comes Ruby!

Japanese Programmer's New Language

Taking Market from Linux, Windows!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

A computer language written by a Japanese programmer is approaching the tipping point” in its spread around the world, and according to some it is more logical and user friendly than Microsoft’s Windows and Linus Torvalds’ Linux.

Created by Yukihiro (“Matz”) Matsumoto and called “Ruby,” the new programming language is said by a wide range of experts to be a significant improvement over Windows and Linux in its efficiency, structure and scalability.

Now in use by hundreds of thousands of programmers around the world, Ruby is said to be 90 percent faster than the Windows and Linux, making it possible to create new software applications in only 10 percent of the time required by other systems.

Matsumoto released the first version of Ruby free on the Web in 1995, but it didn’t go anywhere. He continued improving the language. By 2000 a growing number of Web system engineers had picked up on the new programming system, triggering widespread use around the world.

Since 2001 there has been an annual international conference in the United States promoting the use of Ruby, with Matsumoto as the featured speaker. There are presently over 6,000 software developers around the world sending Matsumoto what they regard as enhancements for the spreading language, but he incorporates only those he feels are up to par in structure, logic and ease of use.

Ruby is the first computer programming language created by a Japanese that has achieved international success. / To see a list of books on Japan by the author, go to: www.phoenixbookspublishers.com.

Japanese Scientists Take Tuna Fish-Farming to New Heights

Sushi Lovers Can Rest Easy!

Boyé Lafayette De Mente

With the planet’s oceans becoming more and more polluted and “the fish in the sea” dwindling at a shocking rate because of over-fishing, a Japanese fishing consortium has teamed up with four Japanese universities to e cultivate bluefin tuna from eggs.

As the world’s most voracious devourers of bluefin tuna the Japanese have a vested interest in ensuring a steady supply of this amazing sea creature.

Maruha Group Inc., a major fishing consortium, began a research program in 1987 to cultivate tuna from eggs, but gave up after 10 years because progress was so slow.

Then scientists at Kinki University got into the act, and were able to develop techniques that made it possible for them to cultivate tuna from eggs to maturity on a commercial scale. The university spun off a start-up company called A-Marine Kindai to utilize the technology.

Spurred by this success, the Maruha consortium established a relationship with four other universities to scale up the technology for the mass cultivation of tuna in ocean fish preserves and in land-based water facilities.

The new Maruha project was inaugurated with 100 million bluefin tuna eggs. They will be raised until they weigh from 120 to 150 pounds.